CFI Instrument Practical Test Standards, FAA-S-8081-9B, June 2001

II. Technical Subject Areas

A. Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment

1. Flight instrument systems and their operating characteristics
   
   
   e. Turn-and-slip indicator/turn coordinator (TC)
   1) These rate instruments operate on the principle of gyroscopic precession
   2)Turn-and-slip indicator (needle and ball, turn-and-bank indicator)
   
   a) Inclinometer (slip-skid indicator)
   i) Black glass ball sealed inside glass tube partially filled with clear liquid
   ii) Indicates quality of turns: relationship between bank angle and rate of yaw
   b) Turn indicator
   
   i) Gryo spin axis parallel to aircraft lateral axis and mounted in a single gimbal with rotation axis parallel to aircraft longitudinal axis
   ii) Needle pointing to doghouse indicates standard rate turn (3° per sec)
   3) Turn coordinator
   
   a) Inclinometer (slip-skid indicator, coordination ball)
   i) Similar to that in the turn-and-slip indicator
   ii) Centered ball indicates coordinated turn
   b) Turn indicator
   
   i) Gyro gimbal frame angled upward about 30° allowing it to sense both roll and yaw
   ii) Wing of symbolic airplane pointing to mark indicates standard rate turn

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15, 1999

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