CFI Instrument Practical Test Standards, FAA-S-8081-9B, June 2001

VI. Flight by Reference to Instruments

B. Turns

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of teaching turns by describing
   a. The relationship of true airspeed and angle of bank to a standard rate turn
   
   Angle of bank for standard rate turn (3° per second) varies with TAS
   b. Technic and procedure using full panel and partial panel for entry and recovery of a constant rate turn, including the performance of a half-standard rate turn
   
   Full panel
   
   
   
   1. Turn entry
      • Smooth, coordinated aileron and rudder pressure
      • AI to approximate bank angle for standard (or half-standard) rate, then
      • TC primary bank reference (standard or half-standard rate)
      • ALT, VSI, AI for slight increase pitch
      • Constant airspeed
        • ASI primary power
        • Slight increase MP
      • Trim off control pressure
   2. Turn, constant airspeed, standard or half-standard rate
      
      

      Turn, constant airspeed - Full panel
      	Pitch	Bank	Power
      Primary	ALT	TC	ASI
      Secondary	AI, VSI	AI	MP, RPM

      
      
      • Watch for, correct overbanking tendency
   3. Turn recovery
      • Lead roll out by approximately ½ bank angle
      • Coordinated aileron and rudder pressure
      • AI first, then HI primary for bank
      • Adjust pitch, power, trim as needed
   Parial panel (AI and HI inoperative)
   1. Turn entry
      TC (primary) and MC are only bank instruments
      Maintain centered ball
      May use clock and timed turns to MC headings technic
   2. Turn
      
      

      Turn, constant airspeed - Partial panel
      	Pitch	Bank	Power
      Primary	ALT	TC	ASI
      Secondary	VSI	MC	MP, RPM

      
      
   3. Turn recovery
      May use timed turns to MC headings technic to determine roll out time
      Coordinated aileron and rudder pressure to level TC airplane with centered ball
      Resume partial panel SLF cross check
   c. Coordination of controls and trim
   • maintain centered ball
   • trim to relieve control pressures
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to turns by describing
   a. Improper cross-check procedures
   Preoccupation with bank control during turn entry - check pitch, power and trim as you roll into turn
   Rate of turn entry (and roll out) should be only as fast as your cross check
   Failure to resume/maintain SLF cross check after roll out from turn
   Fixation on HI early in turn (may leave HI out of cross check until approaching roll out lead heading)
   Check for AI precession after roll out (center ball, stop HI change)
   Check ASI with any pitch change
   Use selective cross check - check what needs to be checked when it needs to be checked
   b. Improper bank control during roll-in and roll-out
   Overcontrolling, overbanking leads to overshooting and undershooting headings as well as pitch, airspeed and trim errors
   Fixation on HI
   Failure to use proper bank
   Failure to check ball in TC
   c. Failure to make smooth, precise corrections as required
   Aim for 2/2/20 (heading/airspeed/altitude variance)
   Frequent, small corrections
   First stop undesired needle movement, then make slow correction
   d. Uncoordinated use of controls
   Maintain centered ball
   e. Improper trim technic
   Trim to relieve control pressures
   Frequent small adjustments
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains turns from an instructional standpoint
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to turns

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