CFI Instrument Practical Test Standards, FAA-S-8081-9B

I. Fundamentals of Instructing

C. The Teaching Process

1. Preparation of a lesson for a ground or flight instructional period
   a. For each lesson or instructional period, the instructor must prepare a written lesson plan
   b. Instructor should make certain that all necessary supplies, materials and equipment is operating properly
   c. Preparation may be accomplished after reference to a syllabus or practical test standards (PTS), or it may be in pre-printed form as prepared by a publisher of training materials
   1) These documents will list general objectives that are to be accomplished
   2) Instructor can organize the overall instructional plan by writing down the objectives and making certain that they flow in a logical sequence
   d. Performance-based objectives
   1) One good way to write a lesson plan is to begin by formulating performance-based objectives
   2) These objectives are very helpful in delineating exactly what needs to be done and how it will be done during each lesson
   3) Performance-based objectives are used to set measurable, reasonable standards that describe the desired performance of the student
   4) May be referred to as behavioral, instructional or educational objectives
   5) Obectives must be clear, measurable and repeatable
   6) Objectives must be written
   7) Performance-based objectives consist of three parts:
   a) Description of the skill or behavior - desired outcome of training stated in concrete terms that can be measured
   
   b) Conditions - the framework under which the skill or behavior will be demonstrated
   c) Criteria - the standard which will be used to measure the accomplishment of the objective
   
   8) Practical Test Standards (PTS) have many of the elements meeded to formulate performance-based objectives
   9) Other uses of performance-based objectives
   a) Good performance-base objectives help determine the elements, schedule, and instructor and student actions in a lesson plan
   b) Alleviate significant source of student frustration by providing better understanding of big picture and knowledge of exactly what is expected
   c) Apply to all three domains of learning (cognitive, affective and psychomotor)
2. Presentation methods
   a. Lecture method
   1) Suitable for
   a) Presenting new material
   b) Summarizing ideas
   c) Showing relationships between theory and practice
   2) Most effective when accompanied by instructional aids and training devices
   b. Demonstration-performance method
   1) Desirable for teaching a skill
   2) May be combined with the lecture method
   c. Guided discussion
   1) Good method of encouraging active participation of students
   2) Especially helpful in teaching safety and emergency procedures
3. Application, by the student, of the material or procedure that was presented
   a. The student uses what the instructor has presented
   b. The instructor will likely have to interrupt the student's efforts for correction and further demonstration,because it is very important that each student perform the procedure the right way the first few times
4. Review and evaluation of student performance
   a. Before the end of the instructional period, the instructor should review what has been covered and require students to demonstrate how well the objectives have been met
   b. Students should be made aware of their progress
   c. Each lesson should include a selective review and evaluation of things previously learned

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